"By using the fourth and fifth axis of rotation, we can move the part closer to the cutting tool. If the part can be closer to the cutting tool, the cutting tool can be shorter. Shorter cutting tools are less susceptible to vibration at higher cutting speeds, which directly affects the surface finish. Shorter tools and less deflection mean less chattering and a better surface finish." Credit: IG User solidcammy | Practical Machinist

Adding that 4th axis allows you to machine complex parts and reduce your operations. Take a look at how these experienced machinists use that extra axis to achieve incredible results. Take a look at these back to back videos from our Instagram machinist followers. Who here uses a 4th axis? Want to be featured in a machining compilation? Simply send us your videos via Instagram direct message or email info@practicalmachinist.com | Practical Machinist

In 3D, rotation matrices are used to rotate objects around the x, y, or z axes. Each axis has its own specific rotation matrix. For example, rotating around the z-axis uses a matrix that leaves the z-coordinate unchanged but rotates the x and y coordinates, effectively spinning the object in the xy-plane. Similarly, rotating around the x-axis affects the y and z values, while rotating around the y-axis affects the x and z values. These 3x3 matrices are always orthogonal, meaning their rows and c